{"id":2009,"date":"2026-01-29T14:57:09","date_gmt":"2026-01-29T06:57:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/?page_id=2009"},"modified":"2026-02-09T22:15:25","modified_gmt":"2026-02-09T14:15:25","slug":"43-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/43-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Pulsatile Contrast Signature\u2013Based Blood Flow Quantification in Digital Subtraction Angiography"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2009\" class=\"elementor elementor-2009\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87db573 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87db573\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2e2f122\" data-id=\"2e2f122\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a5d3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a5a5d3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-63eed29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"63eed29\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-38c95e2\" data-id=\"38c95e2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fd42c70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fd42c70\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bad4229\" data-id=\"bad4229\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91545e5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"91545e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1da86e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1da86e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f645f24\" data-id=\"f645f24\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce1d613 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce1d613\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>Background<\/strong><\/h3><p>Real time hemodynamic information is closely related to the pathophysiology of vascular diseases.\u00a0Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is considered the gold standard for evaluating intracranial vascular disease. Methods based on quantitatively tracking the contrast bolus in DSA images series serves as the primary approach for assessing the flow.<\/p><p>Traditional methods typically employ fixed-rate contrast agent injection and the resulting contrast concentration oscillation is due to the inherent pulsatility of the cardiac cycle. Such method is limited in its robustness in distal vascular regions.\u00a0Our purpose is to further develop this technique to measure blood flow velocity across the entire vascular cross-section by using an optimized temporally modulated contrast injection protocol.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-987af0b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"987af0b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc87fc0\" data-id=\"cc87fc0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b57ca90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b57ca90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Video. 1. Unsubtracted DSA image and the corresponding subtracted DSA image.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e75caef elementor-aspect-ratio-169 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"e75caef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;hosted&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;loop&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;169&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-hosted-video elementor-wrapper elementor-fit-aspect-ratio elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-video\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/\u65b0\u5efa-Microsoft-PowerPoint-\u6f14\u793a\u6587\u7a3f-3.mp4\" autoplay=\"\" loop=\"\" controls=\"\" controlsList=\"nodownload\"><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-81bff02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"81bff02\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ab92cf\" data-id=\"9ab92cf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-47a2843 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47a2843\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-607d197\" data-id=\"607d197\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-752f18f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"752f18f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/\u56fe\u72473-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4df1ac1\" data-id=\"4df1ac1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4acf2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f4acf2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"434\" height=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/\u56fe\u72472.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7281b2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7281b2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Fig. 1. The left image shows a DSA system (i.e., a C-arm), and the right image shows a physician manually injecting the contrast agent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f3ea456 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f3ea456\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b039f5b\" data-id=\"b039f5b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d411cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d411cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3><b>Experiments<\/b><\/h3><p>A temporally-modulated contrast injection is generated using a programable syringe pump. This method is benchmarked in a straight 4 mm diameter vascular model with prescribed constant blood flow rate. The blood-mimicking fluid is prepared from glycerol, distilled water, and ethanol. Signal quality was evaluated at various injection frequencies (0.5Hz &#8211; 4Hz) using so-called sideband ratio. The velocity profile across the vessel was derived by applying the shifted least-squares algorithm to concentration\u2013time curves measured between pairs of points at different radial positions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-97e9af7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"97e9af7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e5098c\" data-id=\"4e5098c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-134f464 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"134f464\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"640\" height=\"211\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/\u5fae\u4fe1\u622a\u56fe_20260209214256-1024x338.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a6c7a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a6c7a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Fig. 2. (a) 0.33 s after contrast injection in the phantom. (b)\u00a00.66 s after contrast injection in the phantom. (c)\u00a0By tracking the contrast bolus within the vessel, the relationship between image signal and time at each centerline point was analyzed. A 2D image by stacking the time\u2013attenuation curves from all vessel centerline points was obtained.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f42b8a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f42b8a0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1589a8b\" data-id=\"1589a8b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38066b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"38066b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1929\" height=\"571\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/\u5fae\u4fe1\u622a\u56fe_20260209214239.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1465bc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1465bc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Fig. 3. According to the time attenuation map of the centerline, (a) The SBR varies along the centerline to optimize the range, the red line indicates 1\/4 median value, which is regarded as a threshold to exclude low pulsatile signals. (b) The function of the shifted least squares difference and time shift of any two points on centerline, where the time shift corresponding to the minimum value of difference is defined as the bolus transfer time. (c) Each point along the centerline undergoes a linear fitting process for time shift with respect to the center of the line, where the slope represents the inverse of the velocity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ee8183 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ee8183\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3c41ac4\" data-id=\"3c41ac4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e363c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2e363c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<h3><b>Validation of Measurement<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>To validate the measurement results of the proposed method, two supplementary measurements, dye tracking and PIV velocimetry, were performed as non-DSA benchmark experiments using a blood-mimicking fluid and a high-speed camera. The acquired radial velocity profiles were integrated to compute the flow rate, which was then compared with the theoretical value.&nbsp;Overall, the mean velocity profile measured by DSA agreed well with the dye-tracking and PIV results, and the maximum flow-rate measurement error was below 10%.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-409c8ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"409c8ed\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3d3e71b\" data-id=\"3d3e71b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75bb231 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"75bb231\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"640\" height=\"264\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/33\/2026\/02\/\u5fae\u4fe1\u622a\u56fe_20260209215250-1024x422.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6faa7ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6faa7ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Fig. 4. The left figure shows the setup for the ink-staining experiment and the PIV experiment. The right figure shows the mean velocity profiles and standard deviations obtained from DSA, dye tracking, and PIV within the vessel. The radial distance is normalized by the vessel radius.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Background Real time hemodynamic informa&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/43-2\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":326,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2009"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/326"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2009"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2009\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2595,"href":"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2009\/revisions\/2595"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.gtiit.edu.cn\/cligroup\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}